Vulnerable populations are groups within a society that are at greater risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes or facing barriers to accessing healthcare services. This can include individuals who are socially disadvantaged, have limited access to resources, or face discrimination and stigmatization. Examples of vulnerable populations can include low-income individuals, ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+ individuals, people with disabilities, and the elderly. Research in this area seeks to understand the unique challenges faced by these populations and develop interventions to improve their health outcomes and access to care. It often involves a focus on health disparities, social determinants of health, and the intersection of various social identities in shaping health outcomes.